This presentation deals with modified methods of fertilisation, which improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and reduce environmental hazards as compared to common fertilisation. The paper presents and discusses modifications/ improvements that can be achieved in the following ways:
i. Changing or modifying fertiliser properties by processing, which can be achieved by:
- addition of bio-amendments/stabilisers such as nitrification inhibitors (NIs) or,
- coating or reducing solubility of fertilisers to form slow or controlled release fertilisers (SRFs or CRFs)
ii. Improving application methods in two main directions:
- by positioning the nutrients in bands, nests or super-granules, or
- by precise delivery of the nutrients via micro-irrigation, which is designated fertigation.

The principles of each of the modifications are described, stressing the specific area where they may fit in and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the proposed methods. Special attention is paid to the possibility of reducing environmental hazards, while maintaining high yields and quality products.

Prof. Avi Shaviv, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel.